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The Oral Microbiome in Systemic Disease

MicroGenDX is a proud member of the American Academy Of Oral And Systemic Health

Oral And Systemic Health

MicroGenDX’s Next Generation Sequencing Technology places the company in the premier position of creating the world’s largest and most valuable database of the oral microbiome.

Our Mission in Oral and Systemic Health is to have the leading oral microbiome database and bioinformatics library in the world. This database is continually updated to provide both researchers and practicing clinicians with the latest and most accurate data on the oral microbiome. This database will contribute greatly to our knowledge of how to improve human health.

If you’re interested in taking advantage of MicroGenDX’s diagnostics and bioinformatics library, please consult our research tab above for more information.

The connection between oral health and systemic health is well-documented and several published studies conclude that there is a connection between poor oral health and many systemic diseases.

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Alzheimers Disease and the Oral Microbiome

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Cardiovascular Disease and the Oral Microbiome

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Cancer and the Oral Microbiome

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Colorectal Cancer And The Oral Microbiome​​​

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Crohns and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Gastric Cancer and the Oral Microbiome

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Head and Neck and Oral Cancer and the Oral Microbiome

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Pancreatic Cancer and the Oral Microbiome

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Lupus and the Oral Microbiome

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Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Oral Microbiome

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Pre-term Birth and the Oral Microbiome

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Probiotics and the Effects on the Oral Microbiome

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The Oral Microbiome & Systemic Health

Oral Microbiome Diagnostics And Oral Disease

Bacteria And Fungi Reference

-F. Nucleatum

-P. Gingivaliis

-Agregatibacter

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Alzheimer’s Disease and Oral Health

  1. Dominy, Stephen S et al. “Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors.” Science advances vol. 5,1 eaau3333. 23 Jan. 2019, doi:10.1126/sciadv. aau 3333
  2. Haditsch, Ursula et al. ‘Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Neurodegeneration in Porphyromonas Gingivalis Infected Neurons with Persistent Expression of Active Gingipains’. 1 Jan. 2020: 1361 – 1376.
  3. Ingar Olsen, Sim K. Singhrao. (2020) “Porphyromonas gingivalis infection may contribute to systemic and intracerebral amyloid-beta: implications for Alzheimer’s disease onset”. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 18:11, pages 1063-1066.
  4. Matsushita K, Yamada-Furukawa M, Kurosawa M, Shikama Y. “Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Disease-Related Bacteria Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease”. J Inflamm Res. 2020; 13:275-283.
  5. Miklossy, J. “Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria”. J Neuroinflammation 8, 90 (2011). (https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-90)
  6. Miklossy, J. (2011). “Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease”. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 13, E30. doi:10.1017/S1462399411002006
  7. Miklossy, J. Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. “Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria”. J Neuroinflammation 8, 90 (2011). 
  8. Miklossy, Judith. “Bacterial Amyloid and DNA Are Important Constituents of Senile Plaques: Further Evidence of the Spirochetal and Biofilm Nature of Senile Plaques”. 1 Jan. 2016: 1459 – 1473.
  9. Orr, Miranda E et al. “Can oral health and oral-derived biospecimens predict progression of dementia?” Oral diseases vol. 26,2 (2020): 249-258. doi:10.1111/odi.13201
  10. Shoemark DK, Allen SJ. “The microbiome and disease: reviewing the links between the oral microbiome, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease”. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(3):725-38. doi: 10.3233/JAD-141170. PMID: 25125469.
  11. Kanagasingam S, Chukkapalli SS, Welbury R, Singhrao SK. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Strong Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2020 Dec 14;4(1):501-511. doi: 10.3233/ADR-200250. PMID: 33532698; PMCID: PMC7835991 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7835991/)
  12. Olsen, Ingar. ‘Can Porphyromonas Gingivalis Contribute to Alzheimer’s Disease Already at the Stage of Gingivitis?’ 1 Jan. 2021 : 237 – 241. (https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-alzheimers-disease-reports/adr210006?id=journal-of-alzheimers-disease-reports%2Fadr210006)—Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly
  13. Angela R. Kamer Smruti Pushalkar Depthi Gulivindala Tracy Butler Yi Li Kumar Raghava Chowdary Annam Lidia Glodzik Karla V. Ballman Patricia M. Corby Kaj Blennow Henrik Zetterberg Deepak Saxena Mony J. de Leon

Colon Cancer and Oral Health

  1. Ahn, Jiyoung et al. “Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk.” Cancer causes & control: CCC vol. 23,3 (2012): 399-404. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9892-7
  2. Al-Hilu, Suad A, and Wisam H Al-Shujairi. “Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition.” International journal of microbiology vol. 2020 4639761. 24 Aug. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/4639761
  3. Binder Gallimidi, Adi et al. “Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model.” Oncotarget vol. 6,26 (2015): 22613-23. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4209
  4. Curtis, M A. “Periodontal microbiology–the lid’s off the box again.” Journal of dental research vol. 93,9 (2014): 840-2. doi:10.1177/0022034514542469
  5. Faden, Asmaa A. “The potential role of microbes in oncogenesis with particular emphasis on oral cancer.” Saudi medical journal vol. 37,6 (2016): 607-12. doi:10.15537/Smj.2016.6.14048
  6. Fan, Xiaozhou et al. “Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study.” Gut vol. 67,1 (2018): 120-127. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312580
  7. Gallimidi, Adi Binder, et al. “Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model.” Oncotarget [Online], 6.26 (2015): 22613-22623. Web. 25 Feb. 2021
  8. Hayes RB, Ahn J, Fan X, et al. Association of Oral Microbiome with Risk for Incident Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(3):358–365. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4777
  9. Huh, Ji-Won, and Tae-Young Roh. “Opportunistic detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a marker for the early gut microbial dysbiosis.” BMC microbiology vol. 20,1 208. 13 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01887-4
  10. Hussan, Hisham et al. “Fusobacterium‘s link to colorectal neoplasia sequenced: A systematic review and future insights.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 23,48 (2017): 8626-8650. doi:10.3748/wjg. v 23. i48.8626
  11. Irani, Soussan et al. “Periodontitis and oral cancer – current concepts of the etiopathogenesis.” Oncology reviews vol. 14,1 465. 18 Mar. 2020, doi:10.4081/oncol.2020.465
  12. Ito, M., Kanno, S., Nosho, K., Sukawa, Y., Mitsuhashi, K., Kurihara, H., Igarashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tachibana, M., Takahashi, H., Yoshii, S., Takenouchi, T., Hasegawa, T., Okita, K., Hirata, K., Maruyama, R., Suzuki, H., Imai, K., Yamamoto, H. and Shinomura, Y. (2015), Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with clinical and molecular features in colorectal serrated pathway. Int. J. Cancer, 137: 1258-1268. 
  13. Kapatral, Vinayak et al. “Genome sequence and analysis of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain ATCC 25586.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 184,7 (2002): 2005-18. doi:10.1128/jb.184.7.2005-2018.2002
  14. Karpathy SE, Qin X, Gioia J, Jiang H, Liu Y, Petrosino JF, et al. (2007) Genome Sequence of Fusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies Polymorphum — a Genetically Tractable Fusobacterium. PLoS ONE 2(8): e659. 
  15. Karpiński, Tomasz. (2019). Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development. Microorganisms. 7. 20. 10.3390/microorganisms7010020.
  16. Kerr, A Ross. “The oral microbiome and cancer.” Journal of dental hygiene: JDH vol. 89 Suppl 1 (2015): 20-3.
  17. Lafuente Ibáñez de Mendoza, Irene et al. “Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral squamous cell carcinoma development: A systematic review.” Journal of periodontal research vol. 55,1 (2020): 13-22. doi:10.1111/jre.12691
  18. Mager, D L et al. “The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects.” Journal of translational medicine vol. 3 27. 7 Jul. 2005, doi:10.1186/1479-5876-3-27
  19. Malinowski, Bartosz et al. “The role of Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in pathogenesis of esophageal cancer.” Infectious agents and cancer vol. 14 3. 30 Jan. 2019, doi:10.1186/s13027-019-0220-2
  20. Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, Maruyama R, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 14;22(2):557-66. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v 22. i2.557. PMID: 26811607; PMCID: PMC4716059.
  21. Olsen, Ingar & Yilmaz, Ozlem. (2019). Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 11. 1563410. 10.1080/20002297.2018.1563410.
  22. Paster, B J et al. “Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 183,12 (2001): 3770-83. doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001
  23. Shin, J.M., Luo, T., Kamarajan, P. et al. Microbial Communities Associated with Primary and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma – A High Fusobacterial and Low Streptococcal Signature. Sci Rep 7, 9934 (2017).
  24. Signat B, Roques C, Poulet P, Duffaut D. Fusobacterium nucleatum in periodontal health and disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2011;13(2):25-36. Epub 2011 Jan 10. PMID: 21220789.
  25. Vesty, Anna et al. “Microbial and inflammatory-based salivary biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.” Clinical and experimental dental research vol. 4,6 255-262. 28 Nov. 2018, doi:10.1002/cre2.139
  26. Wang, J., Qi, J., Zhao, H. et al. Metagenomic sequencing reveals microbiota and its functional potential associated with periodontal disease. Sci Rep 3, 1843 (2013). 
  27. Whitmore, Sarah E, and Richard J Lamont. “Oral bacteria and cancer.” PLoS pathogens vol. 10,3 e1003933. 27 Mar. 2014, doi:10.1371/journal. ppat. 1003933
  28. Whitmore, Sarah E, and Richard J Lamont. “Oral bacteria and cancer.” PLoS pathogens vol. 10,3 e1003933. 27 Mar. 2014, doi:10.1371/journal. ppat. 1003933
  29. Xia, X., Wu, W.K.K., Wong, S.H. et al. Bacteria pathogens drive host colonic epithelial cell promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer. Microbiome 8, 108 (2020).
  30. Xiao, Li et al. “The effect of periodontal bacteria infection on incidence and prognosis of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Medicine vol. 99,15 (2020): e19698. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019698
  31. Yang, Yongzhi et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum Increases Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Tumor Development in Mice by Activating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling to Nuclear Factor-κB, and Up-regulating Expression of MicroRNA-21.” Gastroenterology vol. 152,4 (2017): 851-866.e24. doi:10.1053/j. gastro.2016.11.018

Oral Dysbiosis

  1. Diaz PI, Hoare A, Hong BY. Subgingival Microbiome Shifts and Community Dynamics in Periodontal Diseases. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2016 Jul;44(7):421-35. PMID: 27514154. —(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27514154/)
  2. Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:1335-1360. Published 2021 Feb 27. doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7960681/pdf/main.pdf)
  3. Sudhakara P, Gupta A, Bhardwaj A, Wilson A. Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Apr 16;6(2):10. doi: 10.3390/dj6020010. PMID: 29659479; PMCID: PMC6023521. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023521/)
  4. Payne MA, Hashim A, Alsam A, Joseph S, Aduse-Opoku J, Wade WG, Curtis MA. Horizontal and Vertical Transfer of Oral Microbial Dysbiosis and Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res. 2019 Dec;98(13):1503-1510. doi: 10.1177/0022034519877150. Epub 2019 Sep 27. PMID: 31560607. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31560607/)
  5. Jiang Y, Brandt BW, Buijs MJ, Cheng L, Exterkate RAM, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Manipulation of Saliva-Derived Microcosm Biofilms To Resemble Dysbiotic Subgingival Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021 Jan 15;87(3):e02371-20. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02371-20. PMID: 33158898; PMCID: PMC7848911. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33158898/)
  6. Baraniya D, Naginyte M, Chen T, Albandar JM, Chialastri SM, Devine DA, Marsh PD, Al-Hebshi NN. Modeling Normal and Dysbiotic Subgingival Microbiomes: Effect of Nutrients. J Dent Res. 2020 Jun;99(6):695-702. doi: 10.1177/0022034520902452. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 31999932; PMCID: PMC7243421. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31999932/)
  7. Cugini C, Ramasubbu N, Tsiagbe VK, Fine DH. Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:617485. Published 2021 Mar 5. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.617485 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7982844/pdf/fmicb-12-617485.pdf)

Crohn’s Disease and Oral Health

  1. Doctor, Michael J et al. “Alterations in diversity of the oral microbiome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.” Inflammatory bowel diseases vol. 18,5 (2012): 935-42. doi:10.1002/ibd.21874
  2. Kaakoush, Nadeem O et al. “Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection.” Clinical microbiology reviews vol. 28,3 (2015): 687-720. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-15
  3. Liu, Fang et al. “The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species.” Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology vol. 8 243. 24 Jul. 2018, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243
  4. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  5. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136

Preterm Birth and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Han, Yiping W et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth.” Infection and immunity vol. 72,4 (2004): 2272-9. doi:10.1128/iai.72.4.2272-2279.2004 (https://iai.asm.org/content/72/4/2272)
  2. Kim A. Boggess, Pathogenicity of periodontal pathogens during pregnancy, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 193, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 311-312, ISSN 0002-9378, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.04.056); (Pathogenicity of periodontal pathogens during pregnancy)
  3. McGaw, Tim. “Periodontal disease and preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants.” Journal (Canadian Dental Association) vol. 68,3 (2002): 165-9. (https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-68/issue-3/165.pdf)
  4. Shanthi, Vanka et al. “Association of pregnant women periodontal status to preterm and low-birth weight babies: A systematic and evidence-based review.” Dental research journal vol. 9,4 (2012): 368-80. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491321/)
  5. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 12;6(6):CD005297. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005297.pub3. PMID: 28605006; PMCID: PMC6481493. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605006/)
  6. Mervyn Turton, Charlene W.J. Africa,Further evidence for periodontal disease as a risk indicator for adverse pregnancy outcomes, International Dental Journal, mVolume 67, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 148-156, ISSN 0020-6539, (https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12274); (Further evidence for periodontal disease as a risk indicator for adverse pregnancy outcomes)

Oral Microbial Shifts in Oral Health and Disease

  1. Keller D & Cochrane B. (2019) Composition of Microorganisms in Periodontal Pockets. J Oral Health Dent, 2(2): 123-136.
  2. Berezow, Alex B, and Richard P Darveau. “Microbial shift and periodontitis.” Periodontology 2000 vol. 55,1 (2011): 36-47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x
  3. Haririan, Hady et al. “Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples compared to that of whole saliva in patients with periodontitis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 85,6 (2014): 819-28. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130306

Periodontal Biofilms and Oral Health

  1. Frias, J et al. “Periodontal pathogens produce quorum sensing signal molecules.” Infection and immunity vol. 69,5 (2001): 3431-4. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.5.3431-3434.2001
  2. Jiao, Yang et al. “Advancing antimicrobial strategies for managing oral biofilm infections.” International journal of oral science vol. 11,3 28. 1 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1038/s41368-019-0062-1
  3. Szafrański, Szymon P et al. “Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome.” BMC genomics vol. 18,1 238. 20 Mar. 2017, doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3618-5
  4. Vieira Colombo, Ana Paula et al. “Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance.” Microbial pathogenesis vol. 94 (2016): 27-34. doi:10.1016/j. micpath. 2015.09.009
  5. Lasserre JF, Brecx MC, Toma S. Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(10):1802. Published 2018 Sep 22. doi:10.3390/ma11101802 (https://www.mdpi.com/343008)

Saliva Testing and Oral Microbial Health

  1. Haririan, Hady et al. “Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples compared to that of whole saliva in patients with periodontitis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 85,6 (2014): 819-28. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130306
  2. Choi, Heeyoung et al. “Real-time PCR quantification of 9 periodontal pathogens in saliva samples from periodontally healthy Korean young adults.” Journal of periodontal & implant science vol. 48,4 261-271. 30 Aug. 2018, doi:10.5051/jpis.2018.48.4.261
  3. Guentsch, Arndt et al. “Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 82,7 (2011): 1051-60. doi:10.1902/jop.2011.100565
  4. Paster, B J et al. “Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 183,12 (2001): 3770-83. doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001

Peri-implantitis Infections

  1. Lasserre JF, Brecx MC, Toma S. Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(10):1802. Published 2018 Sep 22. doi:10.3390/ma11101802 (https://www.mdpi.com/343008)
  2. Charalampakis G, Belibasakis GN. Microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. Virulence. 2015;6(3):183-7. doi: 10.4161/21505594.2014.980661. Epub 2015 Feb 5. PMID: 25654499; PMCID: PMC4601299.
  3. Heuer W, Kettenring A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Gellermann E, Winkel A, Stiesch M. Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Jun;16(3):843-50. doi: 10.1007/s00784-011-0561-8. Epub 2011 May 3. PMID: 21538072. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538072/)
  4. Suzuki, Jon & Misch, Carl. (2018). Periodontal and Maintenance Complications. 10.1016/B978-0-323-37580-1.00018 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324108930) 
  5. Zheng H, Xu L, Wang Z, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Chen T, Lin J, Chen F. Subgingival microbiome in patients with healthy and ailing dental implants. Sci Rep. 2015 Jun 16;5:10948. doi: 10.1038/srep10948. PMID: 26077225; PMCID: PMC4468443. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077225/)
  6. Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Romeiro RL, Costa FO, Aquino DR, Orzechowski PR, Araújo VC, Duarte PM. Frequency of periodontal pathogens in equivalent peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses. Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Jan;58(1):67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Nov 3. PMID: 23127822. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127822/)
  7. Nastych O, Goncharuk-Khomyn M, Foros A, Cavalcanti A, Yavuz I, Tsaryk V. Comparison of Bacterial Load Parameters in Subgingival Plaque during Peri-implantitis and Periodontitis Using the RT-PCR Method. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2020;54(1):32-43. doi:10.15644/asc54/1/4 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233121/)
  8. Canullo L, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Covani U, Rossetti PH. Microbiologic and Clinical Findings of Implants in Healthy Condition and with Peri-Implantitis. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants. 2015 Jul-Aug;30(4):834-42. doi: 10.11607/jomi.3947. PMID: 26252036. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26252036/)
  9. Zhuang LF, Watt RM, Mattheos N, Si MS, Lai HC, Lang NP. Periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in patients with healthy and inflamed periodontal and peri-implant tissues. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016 Jan;27(1):13-21. doi: 10.1111/clr.12508. Epub 2014 Nov 14. PMID: 25399962. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/clr.12508)
  10. Sahrmann P, Gilli F, Wiedemeier DB, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Karygianni L. The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):661. Published 2020 May 1. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050661 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284896/)
  11. Lafaurie GI, Sabogal MA, Castillo DM, Rincón MV, Gómez LA, Lesmes YA, Chambrone L. Microbiome and Microbial Biofilm Profiles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review. J Periodontology. 2017 Oct;88(10):1066-1089. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170123. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28625077. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625077/)
  12. Albertini M, López-Cerero L, O’Sullivan MG, Chereguini CF, Ballesta S, Ríos V, Herrero-Climent M, Bullón P. Assessment of periodontal and opportunistic flora in patients with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015 Aug;26(8):937-941. doi: 10.1111/clr.12387. Epub 2014 Apr 10. PMID: 24720498. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720498/)
  13. Rakic M, Grusovin MG, Canullo L. The Microbiologic Profile Associated with Peri-Implantitis in Humans: A Systematic Review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2016 Mar-Apr;31(2):359-68. doi: 10.11607/jomi.4150. Epub 2015 Oct 6. PMID: 26478978. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26478978/)
  14. Faveri M, Figueiredo LC, Shibli JA, Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Feres M. Microbiological diversity of peri-implantitis biofilms. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;830:85-96. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_5. PMID: 25366222. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25366222/)
  15. Robitaille N, Reed DN, Walters JD, Kumar PS. Periodontal and peri-implant diseases: identical or fraternal infections? Mol Oral Microbiol. 2016 Aug;31(4):285-301. doi: 10.1111/omi.12124. Epub 2015 Sep 15. PMID: 26255984. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26255984/)
  16. Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O’Brien K. Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2012 May;39(5):425-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01856.x. Epub 2012 Mar 14. PMID: 22417294; PMCID: PMC3323747. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22417294/)
  17. Dabdoub SM, Tsigarida AA, Kumar PS. Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. J Dent Res. 2013 Dec;92(12 Suppl):168S-75S. doi: 10.1177/0022034513504950. Epub 2013 Oct 24. PMID: 24158341; PMCID: PMC3827621. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158341/)
  18. Ramanauskaite A, Juodzbalys G. Diagnostic Principles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Guidelines for Peri-Implantitis Diagnosis Proposal. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(3):e8. Published 2016 Sep 9. doi:10.5037/jomr.2016.7308 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100648)
  19. Sousa V, Nibali L, Spratt D, Dopico J, Mardas N, Petrie A, Donos N. Peri-implant and periodontal microbiome diversity in aggressive periodontitis patients: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017 May;28(5):558-570. doi: 10.1111/clr.12834. Epub 2016 May 11. PMID: 27170047. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27170047/)
  20. Shi M, Wei Y, Hu W, Nie Y, Wu X, Lu R. The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018 May 1;8:124. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00124. PMID: 29765908; PMCID: PMC5938363. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29765908/)
  21. Schaumann S, Staufenbiel I, Scherer R, Schilhabel M, Winkel A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Stiesch M. Pyrosequencing of supra- and subgingival biofilms from inflamed peri-implant and periodontal sites. BMC Oral Health. 2014 Dec 17;14:157. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-157. PMID: 25518856; PMCID: PMC4298060. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25518856/)
  22. Komatsu K, Shiba T, Takeuchi Y, Watanabe T, Koyanagi T, Nemoto T, Shimogishi M, Shibasaki M, Katagiri S, Kasugai S, Iwata T. Discriminating Microbial Community Structure Between Peri-Implantitis and Periodontitis With Integrated Metagenomic, Metatranscriptomic, and Network Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Dec 11;10:596490. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596490. PMID: 33425781; PMCID: PMC7793907. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425781/)
  23. Yu XL, Chan Y, Zhuang LF, Lai HC, Lang NP, Lacap-Bugler DC, Leung WK, Watt RM. Distributions of Synergistetes in clinically-healthy and diseased periodontal and peri-implant niches. Microb Pathog. 2016 May;94:90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.029. Epub 2015 Dec 11. PMID: 26686411. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26686411/)

Dental Caries and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Xu, Lei et al. “Dynamic Alterations in Salivary Microbiota Related to Dental Caries and Age in Preschool Children with Deciduous Dentition: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study.” Frontiers in physiology vol. 9 342. 4 Apr. 2018, doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00342
  2. Xu, He et al. “Oral Microbiome Shifts from Caries-Free to Caries-Affected Status in 3-Year-Old Chinese Children: A Longitudinal Study.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 2009. 28 Aug. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02009

Cardiovascular Disease and Oral Health

  1. Bale, Bradley Field et al. “High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.” Postgraduate medical journal vol. 93,1098 (2017): 215-220. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279
  2. Leishman, Shaneen J et al. “Cardiovascular disease and the role of oral bacteria.” Journal of oral microbiology vol. 2 10.3402/jom. v 2i0.5781. 21 Dec. 2010, doi:10.3402/jom. v2i0.5781
  3. Mustapha, Indra Z et al. “Markers of systemic bacterial exposure in periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 78,12 (2007): 2289-302. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.070140
  4. Humphrey, Linda L et al. “Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of general internal medicine vol. 23,12 (2008): 2079-86. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0787-6
  5. Murakami, Minoru et al. “High incidence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in patients with cerebral infarction and diabetic renal failure: a cross-sectional study.” BMC infectious diseases vol. 13 557. 24 Nov. 2013, doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-557
  6. Wassef, Nancy et al. “HACEK-induced endocarditis.” BMJ case reports vol. 2013 bcr2012007359. 15 May. 2013, doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007359

Next Generation Sequencing Technology in Oral Health

  1. Wang, J., Qi, J., Zhao, H. et al. Metagenomic sequencing reveals microbiota and its functional potential associated with periodontal disease. Sci Rep 3, 1843 (2013). 
  2. Salipante, Stephen J et al. “Coinfection of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinomyces israelii in mastoiditis diagnosed by next-generation DNA sequencing.” Journal of clinical microbiology vol. 52,5 (2014): 1789-92. doi:10.1128/JCM.03133-13
  3. Charalampakis G, Belibasakis GN. Microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. Virulence. 2015;6(3):183-7. doi: 10.4161/21505594.2014.980661. Epub 2015 Feb 5. PMID: 25654499; PMCID: PMC4601299.
  4. Heuer W, Kettenring A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Gellermann E, Winkel A, Stiesch M. Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Jun;16(3):843-50. doi: 10.1007/s00784-011-0561-8. Epub 2011 May 3. PMID: 21538072.
  5. Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O’Brien K. Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2012 May;39(5):425-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01856.x. Epub 2012 Mar 14. PMID: 22417294; PMCID: PMC3323747. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22417294/)
  6. Kapatral, Vinayak et al. “Genome sequence and analysis of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain ATCC 25586.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 184,7 (2002): 2005-18. Doi:10.1128/jb.184.7.2005-2018.2002
  7. Paster, B J et al. “Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 183,12 (2001): 3770-83. doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001
  8. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136
  9. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  10. Schaumann S, Staufenbiel I, Scherer R, Schilhabel M, Winkel A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Stiesch M. Pyrosequencing of supra- and subgingival biofilms from inflamed peri-implant and periodontal sites. BMC Oral Health. 2014 Dec 17;14:157. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-157. PMID: 25518856; PMCID: PMC4298060. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25518856/)
  11. Komatsu K, Shiba T, Takeuchi Y, Watanabe T, Koyanagi T, Nemoto T, Shimogishi M, Shibasaki M, Katagiri S, Kasugai S, Iwata T. Discriminating Microbial Community Structure Between Peri-Implantitis and Periodontitis With Integrated Metagenomic, Metatranscriptomic, and Network Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Dec 11;10:596490. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596490. PMID: 33425781; PMCID: PMC7793907.  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425781/)
  12. Yu XL, Chan Y, Zhuang LF, Lai HC, Lang NP, Lacap-Bugler DC, Leung WK, Watt RM. Distributions of Synergistetes in clinically-healthy and diseased periodontal and peri-implant niches. Microb Pathog. 2016 May;94:90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.029. Epub 2015 Dec 11. PMID: 26686411. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26686411/)

Biofilms in the Oral Microbiome

Back To Top

  1. Paster, B J et al. “Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 183,12 (2001): 3770-83. doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001
  2. Berezow, Alex B, and Richard P Darveau. “Microbial shift and periodontitis.” Periodontology 2000 vol. 55,1 (2011): 36-47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x
  3. Szafrański, Szymon & Deng, Zhi-Luo & Tomasch, Jürgen & Jarek, Michael & Bhuju, Sabin & Rohde, Manfred & Sztajer, Helena & Wagner-Döbler, Irene. (2017). BMC Genomics. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28320314); (Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome download) 
  4. Lafaurie GI, Sabogal MA, Castillo DM, Rincón MV, Gómez LA, Lesmes YA, Chambrone L. Microbiome and Microbial Biofilm Profiles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review. J Periodontology. 2017 Oct;88(10):1066-1089. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170123. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28625077. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625077/)
  5. Frias, J et al. “Periodontal pathogens produce quorum sensing signal molecules.” Infection and immunity vol. 69,5 (2001): 3431-4. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.5.3431-3434.2001
  6. Szafrański, Szymon P et al. “Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome.” BMC genomics vol. 18,1 238. 20 Mar. 2017, doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3618-5
  7. Frias, J et al. “Periodontal pathogens produce quorum sensing signal molecules.” Infection and immunity vol. 69,5 (2001): 3431-4. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.5.3431-3434.2001
  8. Jiao, Yang et al. “Advancing antimicrobial strategies for managing oral biofilm infections.” International journal of oral science vol. 11,3 28. 1 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1038/s41368-019-0062-1
  9. Szafrański, Szymon P et al. “Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome.” BMC genomics vol. 18,1 238. 20 Mar. 2017, doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3618-5
  10. Vieira Colombo, Ana Paula et al. “Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance.” Microbial pathogenesis vol. 94 (2016): 27-34. doi:10.1016/j. micpath. 2015.09.009
  11. Lasserre JF, Brecx MC, Toma S. Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(10):1802. Published 2018 Sep 22. doi:10.3390/ma11101802 (https://www.mdpi.com/343008)

Salivary Diagnostics

  1. Mager, D L et al. “The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects.” Journal of translational medicine vol. 3 27. 7 Jul. 2005, doi:10.1186/1479-5876-3-27
  2. Vesty, Anna et al. “Microbial and inflammatory-based salivary biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.” Clinical and experimental dental research vol. 4,6 255-262. 28 Nov. 2018, doi:10.1002/cre2.139
  3. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136
  4. Haririan H, Andrukhov O, Bertl K, Lettner S, Kierstein S, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X. Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples compared to that of whole saliva in patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2014 Jun;85(6):819-28. doi: 10.1902/jop.2013.130306. Epub 2013 Oct 21. PMID: 24144271. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24144271/)
  5. Choi, Heeyoung et al. “Real-time PCR quantification of 9 periodontal pathogens in saliva samples from periodontally healthy Korean young adults.” Journal of periodontal & implant science vol. 48,4 261-271. 30 Aug. 2018, doi:10.5051/jpis.2018.48.4.261
  6. Guentsch, Arndt et al. “Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 82,7 (2011): 1051-60. doi:10.1902/jop.2011.100565
  7. Paster, B J et al. “Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 183,12 (2001): 3770-83. doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001

Periodontal Disease and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Curtis, M A. “Periodontal microbiology–the lid’s off the box again.” Journal of dental research vol. 93,9 (2014): 840-2. Doi:10.1177/0022034514542469
  2. Signat B, Roques C, Poulet P, Duffaut D. Fusobacterium nucleatum in periodontal health and disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2011;13(2):25-36. Epub 2011 Jan 10. PMID: 21220789.
  3. Keller D & Cochrane B. (2019) Composition of Microorganisms in Periodontal Pockets. J Oral Health Dent, 2(2): 123-136.
  4. Berezow, Alex B, and Richard P Darveau. “Microbial shift and periodontitis.” Periodontology 2000 vol. 55,1 (2011): 36-47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x
  5. Haririan, Hady et al. “Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples compared to that of whole saliva in patients with periodontitis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 85,6 (2014): 819-28. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130306

Peri-implantitis Infections

  1. Lasserre JF, Brecx MC, Toma S. Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(10):1802. Published 2018 Sep 22. doi:10.3390/ma11101802 (https://www.mdpi.com/343008)
  2. Charalampakis G, Belibasakis GN. Microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. Virulence. 2015;6(3):183-7. doi: 10.4161/21505594.2014.980661. Epub 2015 Feb 5. PMID: 25654499; PMCID: PMC4601299.
  3. Heuer W, Kettenring A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Gellermann E, Winkel A, Stiesch M. Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Jun;16(3):843-50. doi: 10.1007/s00784-011-0561-8. Epub 2011 May 3. PMID: 21538072. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538072/)
  4. Suzuki, Jon & Misch, Carl. (2018). Periodontal and Maintenance Complications. 10.1016/B978-0-323-37580-1.00018-4. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324108930) 
  5. Zheng H, Xu L, Wang Z, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Chen T, Lin J, Chen F. Subgingival microbiome in patients with healthy and ailing dental implants. Sci Rep. 2015 Jun 16;5:10948. doi: 10.1038/srep10948. PMID: 26077225; PMCID: PMC4468443. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077225/)
  6. Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Romeiro RL, Costa FO, Aquino DR, Orzechowski PR, Araújo VC, Duarte PM. Frequency of periodontal pathogens in equivalent peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses. Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Jan;58(1):67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Nov 3. PMID: 23127822. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127822/)
  7. Nastych O, Goncharuk-Khomyn M, Foros A, Cavalcanti A, Yavuz I, Tsaryk V. Comparison of Bacterial Load Parameters in Subgingival Plaque during Peri-implantitis and Periodontitis Using the RT-PCR Method. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2020;54(1):32-43. doi:10.15644/asc54/1/4 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233121/)
  8. Canullo L, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Covani U, Rossetti PH. Microbiologic and Clinical Findings of Implants in Healthy Condition and with Peri-Implantitis. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants. 2015 Jul-Aug;30(4):834-42. doi: 10.11607/jomi.3947. PMID: 26252036. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26252036/)
  9. Zhuang LF, Watt RM, Mattheos N, Si MS, Lai HC, Lang NP. Periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in patients with healthy and inflamed periodontal and peri-implant tissues. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016 Jan;27(1):13-21. doi: 10.1111/clr.12508. Epub 2014 Nov 14. PMID: 25399962. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/clr.12508)
  10. Sahrmann P, Gilli F, Wiedemeier DB, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Karygianni L. The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):661. Published 2020 May 1. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050661 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284896/)
  11. Lafaurie GI, Sabogal MA, Castillo DM, Rincón MV, Gómez LA, Lesmes YA, Chambrone L. Microbiome and Microbial Biofilm Profiles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review. J Periodontology. 2017 Oct;88(10):1066-1089. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170123. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28625077. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625077/)
  12. Albertini M, López-Cerero L, O’Sullivan MG, Chereguini CF, Ballesta S, Ríos V, Herrero-Climent M, Bullón P. Assessment of periodontal and opportunistic flora in patients with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015 Aug;26(8):937-941. doi: 10.1111/clr.12387. Epub 2014 Apr 10. PMID: 24720498. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720498/)
  13. Rakic M, Grusovin MG, Canullo L. The Microbiologic Profile Associated with Peri-Implantitis in Humans: A Systematic Review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2016 Mar-Apr;31(2):359-68. doi: 10.11607/jomi.4150. Epub 2015 Oct 6. PMID: 26478978. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26478978/)
  14. Faveri M, Figueiredo LC, Shibli JA, Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Feres M. Microbiological diversity of peri-implantitis biofilms. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;830:85-96. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_5. PMID: 25366222. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25366222/)
  15. Robitaille N, Reed DN, Walters JD, Kumar PS. Periodontal and peri-implant diseases: identical or fraternal infections? Mol Oral Microbiol. 2016 Aug;31(4):285-301. doi: 10.1111/omi.12124. Epub 2015 Sep 15. PMID: 26255984. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26255984/)
  16. Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O’Brien K. Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2012 May;39(5):425-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01856.x. Epub 2012 Mar 14. PMID: 22417294; PMCID: PMC3323747. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22417294/)
  17. Dabdoub SM, Tsigarida AA, Kumar PS. Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. J Dent Res. 2013 Dec;92(12 Suppl):168S-75S. doi: 10.1177/0022034513504950. Epub 2013 Oct 24. PMID: 24158341; PMCID: PMC3827621. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158341/)
  18. Ramanauskaite A, Juodzbalys G. Diagnostic Principles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Guidelines for Peri-Implantitis Diagnosis Proposal. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(3):e8. Published 2016 Sep 9. doi:10.5037/jomr.2016.7308 (https:/ /www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100648)
  19. Sousa V, Nibali L, Spratt D, Dopico J, Mardas N, Petrie A, Donos N. Peri-implant and periodontal microbiome diversity in aggressive periodontitis patients: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017 May;28(5):558-570. doi: 10.1111/clr.12834. Epub 2016 May 11. PMID: 27170047. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27170047/)
  20. Shi M, Wei Y, Hu W, Nie Y, Wu X, Lu R. The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018 May 1;8:124. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00124. PMID: 29765908; PMCID: PMC5938363. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29765908/)
  21. Schaumann S, Staufenbiel I, Scherer R, Schilhabel M, Winkel A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Stiesch M. Pyrosequencing of supra- and subgingival biofilms from inflamed peri-implant and periodontal sites. BMC Oral Health. 2014 Dec 17;14:157. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-157. PMID: 25518856; PMCID: PMC4298060. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25518856/)
  22. Komatsu K, Shiba T, Takeuchi Y, Watanabe T, Koyanagi T, Nemoto T, Shimogishi M, Shibasaki M, Katagiri S, Kasugai S, Iwata T. Discriminating Microbial Community Structure Between Peri-Implantitis and Periodontitis With Integrated Metagenomic, Metatranscriptomic, and Network Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Dec 11;10:596490. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596490. PMID: 33425781; PMCID: PMC7793907. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425781/)
  23. Yu XL, Chan Y, Zhuang LF, Lai HC, Lang NP, Lacap-Bugler DC, Leung WK, Watt RM. Distributions of Synergistetes in clinically-healthy and diseased periodontal and peri-implant niches. Microb Pathog. 2016 May;94:90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.029. Epub 2015 Dec 11. PMID: 26686411. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26686411/)

Dental Caries and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Xu, Lei et al. “Dynamic Alterations in Salivary Microbiota Related to Dental Caries and Age in Preschool Children with Deciduous Dentition: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study.” Frontiers in physiology vol. 9 342. 4 Apr. 2018, doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00342
  2. Xu, He et al. “Oral Microbiome Shifts from Caries-Free to Caries-Affected Status in 3-Year-Old Chinese Children: A Longitudinal Study.”Frontiers in microbiologyvol. 9 2009. 28 Aug. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02009
  3. Struzycka I. The oral microbiome in dental caries. Pol J Microbiol. 2014;63(2):127-35. PMID: 25115106. (http://www.pjmonline.org/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol6322014127.pdf)
  4. Takahashi N, Nyvad B. The role of bacteria in the caries process: ecological perspectives. J Dent Res. 2011 Mar;90(3):294-303. doi: 10.1177/0022034510379602. Epub 2010 Oct 5. PMID: 20924061. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20924061/)
  5. Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a biofilm: the significance of pH in health and caries. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2009 Mar;30(2):76-8, 80, 83-7; quiz 88, 90. PMID: 19301526. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19301526/)
  6. Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community – implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jun 15;6 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S14. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-6-S1-S14. PMID: 16934115; PMCID: PMC2147593. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147593/)
  7. Kleinberg I. A mixed-bacteria ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation: an alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(2):108-25. doi: 1177/154411130201300202. PMID: 12097354. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097354/)
  8. Faustova MO, Ananieva MM, Basarab YO, Dobrobolska OV, Vovk IM, Loban’ GA. Bacterial factors of cariogenicity (literature review). Wiad Lek. 2018;71(2 pt 2):378-382. PMID: 29786589. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29786589/)

Preterm Birth and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Han, Yiping W et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth.” Infection and immunity vol. 72,4 (2004): 2272-9. doi:10.1128/iai.72.4.2272-2279.2004 (https://iai.asm.org/content/72/4/2272)
  2. Kim A. Boggess, Pathogenicity of periodontal pathogens during pregnancy, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 193, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 311-312, ISSN 0002-9378, (https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(05)00574-0/fulltext); (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937805005740)
  3. McGaw, Tim. “Periodontal disease and preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants.” Journal (Canadian Dental Association) vol. 68,3 (2002): 165-9. (https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-68/issue-3/165.pdf)
  4. Boggess KA, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Maternal periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;101(2):227-31. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02314-1. PMID: 12576243.
  5. Shanthi, Vanka et al. “Association of pregnant women periodontal status to preterm and low-birth weight babies: A systematic and evidence-based review.” Dental research journal vol. 9,4 (2012): 368-80. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491321/)
  6. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 12;6(6):CD005297. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005297.pub3. PMID: 28605006; PMCID: PMC6481493. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605006/)
  7. Mervyn Turton, Charlene W.J. Africa,Further evidence for periodontal disease as a risk indicator for adverse pregnancy outcomes, International Dental Journal, mVolume 67, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 148-156, ISSN 0020-6539, (https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12274). (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020653920317020)

Microbial References for Common Bacteria and Fungi

Fusobacterium Nucleatum

  1. Castellarin, Mauro et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma.” Genome research vol. 22,2 (2012): 299-306. doi:10.1101/gr.126516.111
  2. Han, Yiping W. “Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen.” Current opinion in microbiology vol. 23 (2015): 141-7. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.013, 
  3. Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, Maruyama R, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 14;22(2):557-66. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v 22. i2.557. PMID: 26811607; PMCID: PMC4716059.
  4. Kapatral, Vinayak et al. “Genome sequence and analysis of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain ATCC 25586.” Journal of bacteriology vol. 184,7 (2002): 2005-18. Doi:10.1128/jb.184.7.2005-2018.2002
  5. Brennan CA, Garrett WS. Fusobacterium nucleatum – symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Mar;17(3):156-166. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0129-6. PMID: 30546113; PMCID: PMC6589823. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30546113/)
  6. Karpathy SE, Qin X, Gioia J, Jiang H, Liu Y, Petrosino JF, et al. (2007) Genome Sequence of Fusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies Polymorphum — a Genetically Tractable Fusobacterium. PloS ONE 2(8): e659. 
  7. Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, Maruyama R, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 14;22(2):557-66. Doi: 10.3748/wjg. V 22. I2.557. PMID: 26811607; PMCID: PMC4716059.
  8. Signat B, Roques C, Poulet P, Duffaut D. Fusobacterium nucleatum in periodontal health and disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2011;13(2):25-36. Epub 2011 Jan 10. PMID: 21220789.
  9. Yang, Yongzhi et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum Increases Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Tumor Development in Mice by Activating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling to Nuclear Factor-κB, and Up-regulating Expression of MicroRNA-21.” Gastroenterology vol. 152,4 (2017): 851-866.e24. doi:10.1053/j. gastro.2016.11.01

Porphymonas Gingivalis

  1. Olsen, Ingar & Yilmaz, Ozlem. (2019). Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 11. 1563410. 10.1080/20002297.2018.1563410.
  2. Dominy, Stephen S et al. “Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors.” Science advances vol. 5,1 eaau3333. 23 Jan. 2019, doi:10.1126/sciadv. aau 3333
  3. Haditsch, Ursula et al. ‘Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Neurodegeneration in Porphyromonas Gingivalis Infected Neurons with Persistent Expression of Active Gingipains’. 1 Jan. 2020: 1361 – 1376.
  4. Ingar Olsen, Sim K. Singhrao. (2020) “Porphyromonas gingivalis infection may contribute to systemic and intracerebral amyloid-beta: implications for Alzheimer’s disease onset”. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 18:11, pages 1063-1066.
  5. Matsushita K, Yamada-Furukawa M, Kurosawa M, Shikama Y. “Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Disease-Related Bacteria Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease”. J Inflamm Res. 2020; 13:275-283.
  6. Binder Gallimidi, Adi et al. “Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model.” Oncotarget vol. 6,26 (2015): 22613-23. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4209
  7. Zhu Y, Dashper SG, Chen YY, Crawford S, Slakeski N, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola synergistic polymicrobial biofilm development. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 26;8(8):e71727. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071727. PMID: 23990979; PMCID: PMC3753311. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753311/)
  8. Kuramitsu HK, Chen W, Ikegami A. Biofilm formation by the periodontopathic bacteria Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol. 2005 Nov;76(11 Suppl):2047-51. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-S.2047. PMID: 16277575. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277575/)
  9. Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Potentiel pathogénique de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola et Tannerella forsythia, le complexe bactérien rouge associé à la parodontite [Pathogenic potential of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, the red bacterial complex associated with periodontitis]. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2007 Apr-May;55(3-4):154-62. French. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.045. Epub 2006 Oct 17. PMID: 17049750. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17049750/) 
  10. Byrne SJ, Dashper SG, Darby IB, Adams GG, Hoffmann B, Reynolds EC. Progression of chronic periodontitis can be predicted by the levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in subgingival plaque. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Dec;24(6):469-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2009.00544.x. PMID: 19832799. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19832799/)

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)

  1. Murakami, Minoru et al. “High incidence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in patients with cerebral infarction and diabetic renal failure: a cross-sectional study.” BMC infectious diseases vol. 13 557. 24 Nov. 2013, doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-557
  2. Wassef, Nancy et al. “HACEK-induced endocarditis.” BMJ case reports vol. 2013 bcr2012007359. 15 May. 2013, doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007359
  3. Bale, Bradley Field et al. “High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.” Postgraduate medical journal vol. 93,1098 (2017): 215-220. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279

Eikenella Corrodens (Ec)

Tannerella Forsythia (Tf)

  1. Bale, Bradley Field et al. “High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.” Postgraduate medical journal vol. 93,1098 (2017): 215-220. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279

Treponema Denticola (Td)

  1. Miklossy, J. “Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria”. J Neuroinflammation 8, 90 (2011). (https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-90)

Capnophaga Sp (Cs)

Peptostreptococcus Micros (Pm)

Prevotella Intermedia (Pi)

Eubacterium Nodatum (En)

Campylobacter Rectus (Cr)

Streptococcus Mutans (Sm)

Selemonas Noxia (Sn)

Streptococcus Pyogenes (Sp)

Neiseeria Meningitidis (Nm)

Candida Albicans (Ca)

Cardiovascular Disease and Oral Microbiome

  1. Bale, Bradley Field et al. “High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.” Postgraduate medical journal vol. 93,1098 (2017): 215-220. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279
  2. Leishman, Shaneen J et al. “Cardiovascular disease and the role of oral bacteria.” Journal of oral microbiology vol. 2 10.3402/jom. v 2i0.5781. 21 Dec. 2010, doi:10.3402/jom. v2i0.5781
  3. Mustapha, Indra Z et al. “Markers of systemic bacterial exposure in periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of periodontology vol. 78,12 (2007): 2289-302. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.070140
  4. Humphrey, Linda L et al. “Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of general internal medicine vol. 23,12 (2008): 2079-86. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0787-6
  5. Murakami, Minoru et al. “High incidence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in patients with cerebral infarction and diabetic renal failure: a cross-sectional study.” BMC infectious diseases vol. 13 557. 24 Nov. 2013, doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-557
  6. Wassef, Nancy et al. “HACEK-induced endocarditis.” BMJ case reports vol. 2013 bcr2012007359. 15 May. 2013, doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007359

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  1. Byrd KM, Gulati AS. The “Gum-Gut” Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances. Front Immunol. 2021;12:620124. Published 2021 Feb 19. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124 Byrd KM, Gulati AS. The “Gum-Gut” Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances. Front Immunol. 2021;12:620124. Published 2021 Feb 19. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124
  2. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  3. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136
  4. Nijakowski K, Surdacka A. Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(20):7477. Published 2020 Oct 10. doi:10.3390/ijms21207477 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7589027/)
  5. Huh, Ji-Won, and Tae-Young Roh. “Opportunistic detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a marker for the early gut microbial dysbiosis.” BMC microbiology vol. 20,1 208. 13 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01887-4
  6. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  7. Docktor, Michael J et al. “Alterations in diversity of the oral microbiome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.” Inflammatory bowel diseases vol. 18,5 (2012): 935-42. doi:10.1002/ibd.21874
  8. Kaakoush, Nadeem O et al. “Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection.” Clinical microbiology reviews vol. 28,3 (2015): 687-720. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-15
  9. Liu, Fang et al. “The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species.” Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology vol. 8 243. 24 Jul. 2018, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243
  10. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  11. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136

Cancer and the Oral Microbiome

  1. Xiao, Li et al. “The effect of periodontal bacteria infection on incidence and prognosis of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Medicine vol. 99,15 (2020): e19698. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019698
  2. Karpiński, Tomasz. (2019). Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development. Microorganisms. 7. 20. 10.3390/microorganisms7010020.
  3. Whitmore, Sarah E, and Richard J Lamont. “Oral bacteria and cancer.” PLoS pathogens vol. 10,3 e1003933. 27 Mar. 2014, doi:10.1371/journal. ppat. 1003933
  4. Kerr, A Ross. “The oral microbiome and cancer.” Journal of dental hygiene: JDH vol. 89 Suppl 1 (2015): 20-3.
  5. Al-Hilu, Suad A, and Wisam H Al-Shujairi. “Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition.” International journal of microbiology vol. 2020 4639761. 24 Aug. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/4639761
  6. Binder Gallimidi, Adi et al. “Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model.” Oncotarget vol. 6,26 (2015): 22613-23. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4209
  7. Brennan CA, Garrett WS. Fusobacterium nucleatum – symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Mar;17(3):156-166. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0129-6. PMID: 30546113; PMCID: PMC6589823. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30546113/)
  8. Faden, Asmaa A. “The potential role of microbes in oncogenesis with particular emphasis on oral cancer.” Saudi medical journal vol. 37,6 (2016): 607-12. doi:10.15537/Smj.2016.6.14048

Oral Cancers

  1. Byrd KM, Gulati AS. The “Gum-Gut” Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances. Front Immunol. 2021;12:620124. Published 2021 Feb 19. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124 Byrd KM, Gulati AS. The “Gum-Gut” Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances. Front Immunol. 2021;12:620124. Published 2021 Feb 19. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124
  2. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  3. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136
  4. Nijakowski K, Surdacka A. Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(20):7477. Published 2020 Oct 10. doi:10.3390/ijms21207477 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7589027/)
  5. Huh, Ji-Won, and Tae-Young Roh. “Opportunistic detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a marker for the early gut microbial dysbiosis.” BMC microbiology vol. 20,1 208. 13 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01887-4
  6. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  7. Docktor, Michael J et al. “Alterations in diversity of the oral microbiome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.” Inflammatory bowel diseases vol. 18,5 (2012): 935-42. doi:10.1002/ibd.21874
  8. Kaakoush, Nadeem O et al. “Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection.” Clinical microbiology reviews vol. 28,3 (2015): 687-720. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-15
  9. Liu, Fang et al. “The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species.” Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology vol. 8 243. 24 Jul. 2018, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243
  10. Pascal, Victoria et al. “A microbial signature for Crohn’s disease.” Gut vol. 66,5 (2017): 813-822. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313235
  11. Xun, Zhe et al. “Dysbiosis and Ecotypes of the Salivary Microbiome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Assistance in Diagnosis of Diseases Using Oral Bacterial Profiles.” Frontiers in microbiology vol. 9 1136. 30 May. 2018, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01136

Colon Cancer

  1. Castellarin, Mauro et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma.” Genome research vol. 22,2 (2012): 299-306. doi:10.1101/gr.126516.111
  2. Flemer, Burkhardt et al. “The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive.” Gut vol. 67,8 (2018): 1454-1463. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314814
  3. Flynn, Kaitlin J et al. “Metabolic and Community Synergy of Oral Bacteria in Colorectal Cancer.” mSphere vol. 1,3 e00102-16. 11 May. 2016, doi:10.1128/mSphere.00102-16
  4. Koliarakis, Ioannis et al. “Oral Bacteria and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 20,17 4146. 25 Aug. 2019, doi:10.3390/ijms20174146
  5. Nosho, Katsuhiko et al. “Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 22,2 (2016): 557-66. doi:10.3748/wjg. v 22.i2.557
  6. Sun, Chun-Hui et al. “The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer: from carcinogenesis to clinical management.” Chronic diseases and translational medicine vol. 5,3 178-187. 1 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1016/j. cdtm.2019.09.001
  7. Yang, Yaohua et al. “Prospective study of oral microbiome and colorectal cancer risk in low-income and African American populations.” International journal of cancer vol. 144,10 (2019): 2381-2389. doi:10.1002/ijc.31941
  8. Zhang, Sheng et al. “Human oral microbiome dysbiosis as a novel non-invasive biomarker in detection of colorectal cancer.” Theranostics vol. 10,25 11595-11606. 18 Sep. 2020, doi:10.7150/thno.49515
  9. Huh, Ji-Won, and Tae-Young Roh. “Opportunistic detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a marker for the early gut microbial dysbiosis.” BMC microbiology vol. 20,1 208. 13 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01887-4
  10. Castellarin, Mauro et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma.” Genome research vol. 22,2 (2012): 299-306. doi:10.1101/gr.126516.111
  11. Flemer, Burkhardt et al. “The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive.” Gut vol. 67,8 (2018): 1454-1463. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314814
  12. Flynn, Kaitlin J et al. “Metabolic and Community Synergy of Oral Bacteria in Colorectal Cancer.” mSphere vol. 1,3 e00102-16. 11 May. 2016, doi:10.1128/mSphere.00102-16
  13.  Koliarakis, Ioannis et al. “Oral Bacteria and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 20,17 4146. 25 Aug. 2019, doi:10.3390/ijms20174146
  14. Nosho, Katsuhiko et al. “Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 22,2 (2016): 557-66. doi:10.3748/wjg. v 22.i2.557
  15.  Sun, Chun-Hui et al. “The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer: from carcinogenesis to clinical management.” Chronic diseases and translational medicine vol. 5,3 178-187. 1 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1016/j. cdtm.2019.09.001
  16. Yang, Yaohua et al. “Prospective study of oral microbiome and colorectal cancer risk in low-income and African American populations.” International journal of cancer vol. 144,10 (2019): 2381-2389. doi:10.1002/ijc.31941
  17.  Zhang, Sheng et al. “Human oral microbiome dysbiosis as a novel non-invasive biomarker in detection of colorectal cancer.” Theranostics vol. 10,25 11595-11606. 18 Sep. 2020, doi:10.7150/thno.49515
  18. Hussan, Hisham et al. “Fusobacterium‘s link to colorectal neoplasia sequenced: A systematic review and future insights.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 23,48 (2017): 8626-8650. doi:10.3748/wjg. v 23. i48.8626
  19. Ito, M., Kanno, S., Nosho, K., Sukawa, Y., Mitsuhashi, K., Kurihara, H., Igarashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tachibana, M., Takahashi, H., Yoshii, S., Takenouchi, T., Hasegawa, T., Okita, K., Hirata, K., Maruyama, R., Suzuki, H., Imai, K., Yamamoto, H. and Shinomura, Y. (2015), Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with clinical and molecular features in colorectal serrated pathway. Int. J. Cancer, 137: 1258-1268. 
  20. Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, Maruyama R, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 14;22(2):557-66. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v 22. i2.557. PMID: 26811607; PMCID: PMC4716059.
  21. Xia, X., Wu, W.K.K., Wong, S.H. et al. Bacteria pathogens drive host colonic epithelial cell promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer. Microbiome 8, 108 (2020).
  22. Yang, Yongzhi et al. “Fusobacterium nucleatum Increases Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Tumor Development in Mice by Activating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling to Nuclear Factor-κB, and Up-regulating Expression of MicroRNA-21.” Gastroenterology vol. 152,4 (2017): 851-866.e24. doi:10.1053/j. gastro.2016.11.018

Pancreatic Cancers

  1. Fan, Xiaozhou et al. “Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study.” Gut vol. 67,1 (2018): 120-127. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312580
  2. Vogtmann E, Han Y, Caporaso JG, Bokulich N, Mohamadkhani A, Moayyedkazemi A, Hua X, Kamangar F, Wan Y, Suman S, Zhu B, Hutchinson A, Dagnall C, Jones K, Hicks B, Shi J, Malekzadeh R, Abnet CC, Pourshams A. Oral microbial community composition is associated with pancreatic cancer: A case-control study in Iran. Cancer Med. 2020 Jan;9(2):797-806. doi: 10.1002/cam4.2660. Epub 2019 Nov 21. PMID: 31750624; PMCID: PMC6970053. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31750624/)
  3.  Michaud DS, Izard J. Microbiota, oral microbiome, and pancreatic cancer. Cancer J. 2014 May-Jun;20(3):203-6. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000046. PMID: 24855008; PMCID: PMC4160879. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24855008/)
  4. Sethi V, Vitiello GA, Saxena D, Miller G, Dudeja V. The Role of the Microbiome in Immunologic Development and its Implication For Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2019 May;156(7):2097-2115.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.045. Epub 2019 Feb 12. PMID: 30768986. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30768986/)

Gastrointestinal Cancers

  1. Ahn, Jiyoung et al. “Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk.” Cancer causes & control: CCC vol. 23,3 (2012): 399-404. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9892-7
  2. Malinowski, Bartosz et al. “The role of Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in pathogenesis of esophageal cancer.” Infectious agents and cancer vol. 14 3. 30 Jan. 2019, doi:10.1186/s13027-019-0220-2
  3. Olsen, Ingar & Yilmaz, Ozlem. (2019). Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 11. 1563410. 10.1080/20002297.2018.1563410.

Head and Neck Cancers

  1. Hayes RB, Ahn J, Fan X, et al. Association of Oral Microbiome with Risk for Incident Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(3):358–365. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4777
  2. Shin, J.M., Luo, T., Kamarajan, P. et al. Microbial Communities Associated with Primary and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma – A High Fusobacterial and Low Streptococcal Signature. Sci Rep 7, 9934 (2017).
  3. Vesty, Anna et al. “Microbial and inflammatory-based salivary biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.” Clinical and experimental dental research vol. 4,6 255-262. 28 Nov. 2018, doi:10.1002/cre2.139

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